One of the most difficult questions in healthcare may be, “Are you a good doctor?”
I am sure,
dear reader, that you are a good doctor. You know everything, and you know the
things you need to learn. You can see through the twinkle in a drug rep’s eye
faster than you can say Vioxx. You are all much better than average, and, even
as you know enough statistics to be able to dismiss this as an impossibility,
you also know that it is certainly not you who is below average.
Now that we
are patting each other on the back in mutual admiration, here are some people
to spoil the party. Let me introduce you to Dr Dunning and Dr Kruger, who won an Ig Nobel prize in 2000 for their work, in experiments showing those who were the least competent in various tasks were also the most likely
to rate themselves highly competent.
They also found the same people are the most self-confident. There’s
something about not being very good at something that makes you blind to the
areas that you don’t know, or even realise that they exist. It’s a good job
nothing like that could happen in medicine.
Except, however,
research evidence can sometimes be as disquieting as a mirror in a brightly lit room. In
JAMA in 2006, Davis and colleagues did a systematic review comparing self-assessment with external observation. The evidence revealed that we are not very
good at assessing our own competence. Meanwhile, two years later In Medical
Teacher, another systematic review also shows us
that we are not that good at assessing our own learning needs.
In both situations it is the least skilled of
us who are the worst at self-assessing, and who are the most confident.
And then
there’s research that consistently shows we think we’re immune to drug repmarketing, no matter how often it’s shown that we’re not. This evidence is
entirely consistent with other sociological and psychological research, which
confirms that doctors are part of the human race, no matter how much we want to
think our training makes us otherwise.
Apply
Dunning and Kruger’s research to our profession, and you can see the danger in
asking “Are you a good doctor?” It may be the very areas in which we feel highly
confident are just those areas we are worst at. It may be that those of us
who think they are expert at seeing through drug rep spin are those most
susceptible.
What if those of us who say they are good doctors are the ones we
need to be most wary of?
Of course,
you could dispute the evidence. All that stuff about education and drug reps
doesn’t apply to you, or to Australia. But that is just what you would say,
wouldn’t you, if you were subject to the Dunning-Kruger effect!
In order to show how
competent we are, we might have to admit some uncertainty over our competence. In
fact, in real life, I have discovered that the doctors I really admire all feel
that they will be tapped on the shoulder and outed as a fraud at any moment.
For any
eager regulators out there wanting to put conditions on the registration of
anyone admitting they think they are a good doctor, the solution is even simpler. As a profession, with specific knowledge and expertise, self-regulation
often means peer review. We need - and should welcome - others around us to help
us see our blind spots. Perhaps “Are you a good doctor?” is not such a
dangerous question if the answer is “You’re asking the wrong person.”
References
Kruger J, Dunning D. Unskilled and unaware of it: how
difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated
self-assessments. Journal of personality and social psychology. 1999
Dec;77(6):1121-1134.
Davis DA, Mazmanian PE, Fordis M, Van Harrison R,
Thorpe KE, Perrier L. Accuracy of physician self-assessment compared with
observed measures of competence: a systematic review. JAMA : the journal of the
American Medical Association. 2006 Sep;296(9):1094-1102
Colthart I, Bagnall G, Evans A, Allbutt H, Haig A, Illing J,
et al. The effectiveness of self-assessment on the identification of
learner needs, learner activity, and impact on clinical practice: BEME Guide
no. 10. Medical teacher. 2008 Jan;30(2):124-145.
Dana J, Loewenstein G. A social science perspective on gifts
to physicians from industry. JAMA. 2003 Jul;290(2):252-255
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